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doi: 10.1007/s11064-017-2338-1

1 Introduction Migraine manifests as a chronic neurovascular disease characterized by unilateral or bilateral throbbing severe headaches, predominantly unilateral, recurring with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia that impair autonomic nervous system functions (Steiner and Stovner, 2023) many sufferers cannot perform normal or work activities

Available online at: 41 GgotekA.SkrzydlewskaE

Requirement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway for the effect of nicotine on interleukin-1beta-induced chondrocyte apoptosis in a rat model of osteoarthritis